qnr Numbering and SequenceIn 2008 a group of investigators interested in qnr genes published a proposed numbering scheme to reduce the chaos that had developed from new sequences being given the same qnr number or having the number changed frequently in an attempt to avoid duplication (1). The following tables list those assignments. They can be downloaded as Excel files by clicking on the symbol next to the title. Application for new allele numbers can be directed to george.a.jacoby@lahey.org.
References1. Tran, J. H., and G. A. Jacoby. 2002. Mechanism of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 99:5638-5642. 2. Li, T. et al., unpublished 3. Poirel, L., J. M. Rodriguez-Martinez, H. Mammeri, A. Liard, and P. Nordmann. 2005. Origin of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant QnrA. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49:3523-3525. 4. Cambau, E., C. Lascols, W. Sougakoff, C. Bebear, R. Bonnet, J. D. Cavallo, L. Gutmann, M. C. Ploy, V. Jarlier, C. J. Soussy, and J. Robert. 2006. Occurrence of qnrA-positive clinical isolates in French teaching hospitals during 2002-2005. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12:1013-1020. 5. Jacoby, G. A., K. E. Walsh, D. M. Mills, V. J. Walker, H. Oh, A. Robicsek, and D. C. Hooper. 2006. qnrB, another plasmid-mediated gene for quinolone resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50:1178-1182. 6. Robicsek, A., J. Strahilevitz, D. F. Sahm, G. A. Jacoby, and D. C. Hooper. 2006. qnr prevalence in ceftazidime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from the United States. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50:2872-2874. 7. Gay, K., A. Robicsek, J. Strahilevitz, C. H. Park, G. Jacoby, T. J. Barrett, F. Medalla, T. M. Chiller, and D. C. Hooper. 2006. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in non-Typhi serotypes of Salmonella enterica. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43:297-304. 8. Ma, X, et al. unpublished 9. Cattoir, V., L. Poirel, V. Rotimi, C. J. Soussy, and P. Nordmann. 2007. Multiplex PCR for detection of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance qnr genes in ESBL-producing enterobacterial isolates. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60:394-397. 10. Zhu, M, et al., unpublished 11. Quiroga, M. P., P. Andres, A. Petroni, A. J. Soler Bistué, L. Guerriero, L. J. Vargas, A. Zorreguieta, M. Tokumoto, C. Quiroga, M. E. Tolmasky, M. Galas, and D. Centrón. 2007. Complex class 1 integrons with diverse variable regions, including aac(6')-Ib-cr, and a novel allele, qnrB10, associated with ISCR1 in clinical enterobacterial isolates from Argentina. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51:4466-4470. 12. Rodriguez-Zulueta, P., et al., unpublished 13. Kehrenberg, C., S. Friederichs, A. de Jong, and S. Schwarz. 2008. Novel variant of the qnrB Gene, qnrB12, in Citrobacter werkmanii. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52:1206-1207. 14. Tamang, M.D., S.Y. Seol, J-Y. Oh, H.Y. Kang, J.C. Lee, Y.C. Lee, D.T. Cho, and J. Kim. 2008. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance detrmineds qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS among clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in a Korean hospital. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 4159-4162. 15. Sanchez-Cespedes, J., et al., unpublished 16. Gonzalez-Lopez, J., et al., unpublished 17. Cattoir, V., P. Nordmann, J. Silva-Sanchez, P. Espinal, and L. Poirel. 2008. ISEcp1-mediated transposition of qnrB-like gene in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52:2929-2932. 18. Hata, M., M. Suzuki, M. Matsumoto, M. Takahashi, K. Sato, S. Ibe, and K. Sakae. 2005. Cloning of a novel gene for quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid in Shigella flexneri 2b. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49:801-803. 19. Yue, L., H. X. Jiang, X. P. Liao, J. H. Liu, S. J. Li, X. Y. Chen, C. X. Chen, D. H. Lu, and Y. H. Liu. 2008. Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance qnr genes in poultry and swine clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. Vet. Microbiol. 132:414-420. 20. Yamane, K., unpublished 21. Torpdahl, M, A.M. Hammerum, C. Zachariasen, EM Nielsen. Detection of qnr genes in Salmonella isolated from humans in Denmark. 2009. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 63:406-408. 22. Wang, M., Q. Guo, X. Xu, X. Wang, X. Ye, S. Wu, D. C. Hooper, and M. Wang. 2009. New plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene, qnrC, found in a clinical isolate of Proteus mirabilis Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53:1892-1897. 23. Cavaco, L. M., H. Hasman, S. Xia, and F. M. Aarestrup. 2009. qnrD, a novel gene conferring transferable quinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky and Bovismorbificans strains of human origin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53:603-608. 24. Galvin, S., Morris, D., Cormican, M., 12/2009, personal communication. 25. Lee, S.H., Bae, I.K., Lee, J.J. and Ahn, J.H. , 12/2009, personal communication. 26. Mingming Zhou, 4/2010, personal communication. 27. Zizhong Xiong, 4/2010, personal communication.
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