If you have spent a sleepless night, you know it can make the following day difficult. Most people get less sleep per night than is necessary to stay healthy and alert. However if you have ongoing issues, there is help. By improving your sleep hours, your waking hours should improve as well.
Many Americans have transient or chronic insomnia, or other sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea.
The Symptoms
The most commonly reported symptoms of insomnia include:
- Taking a long time to fall asleep at bedtime
- Difficulty staying asleep, with frequent or early awakening
- Daytime sleepiness or fatigue
- Trouble with memory and concentration
- Irritability
- Decreased work productivity
- Waking up fatigued, with a headache and feeling unrefreshed
- Waking up frequently and having trouble falling back to sleep
With sleep apnea, the sleep partner often reports loud snoring and pauses in breathing followed by gasping, a choking sound, or coughing. Daytime effects of sleep apnea may be more persistent. Symptoms last longer than those of occasional insomnia. Sleep apnea is associated with several health complications, such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, kidney disease, and early death.
The Causes
Physical Causes
Sleep apnea, often associated with obesity, is caused by periodic airway collapse. This may be linked to enlarged tonsils or weak throat muscles. Jawbone abnormalities that impair airflow at rest, even in people who are thin, can also disrupt sleep.
Other health problems that may disrupt sleep include restless leg syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and chronic pain.
Taking certain medications can also increase the risk of insomnia. Some examples include those used to treat high blood pressure, depression, Parkinson disease, and thyroid disorders.
Psychological Causes
While sleep problems can be due to an underlying medical disorder, it is also important to consider a mental health condition. Psychological causes of sleep disorders include stress, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse (including alcohol).
Lifestyle Causes
, alcohol, and smoking are common culprits in sleep disturbance as well. Even the habit of having a nightcap to relax in the evening can impair your sleep. Though it may help you fall asleep faster, alcohol actually interferes with restorative sleep phases later in the night.
The same can be said for nicotine. If you cannot go more than 30 minutes without smoking after you wake up, then you may also awaken at night with nicotine withdrawal.
Night-shift work or rotating shifts can throw off your normal sleep-wake rhythm. Working long hours and having jet lag can also lead to insomnia. A disrupted schedule often includes irregular diet and exercise, both of which are important for good rest.
How Sleep Problems Are Diagnosed
Diagnosis of sleep problems are identified based on how you answer certain questions. Questions include:
- How long has this sleep problem lasted?
- How much has it interfered with your normal day?
- Are there any underlying problems—stress, relationship issues?
- Do you have an odd work schedule?
- Have you had recent or frequent travel?
- Are you a smoker? How heavy?
- Do you drink alcohol? How much and how often?
If your doctor suspects a serious physiological cause, such as in sleep apnea, you should be referred to a sleep specialist for further testing.
What Are the Treatments?
There are a range of treatments for insomnia. If you are diagnosed with sleep apnea, your doctor may recommend treatments like losing excess weight, using a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine, or surgery if other treatments fail.
For other causes of insomnia, your doctor may recommend that you make lifestyle changes, such as improving your sleep hygiene. This involves strategies like:
- Doing relaxation therapy
- Getting regular exercise
- Having regular bed- and wake-time hours
- Keeping the bedroom dark and quiet
- Limiting alcohol and caffeine consumption
There are many other treatments to help you get a good night's rest. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to aid you in falling asleep and staying asleep through the whole night. Also, if you have an underlying condition, like depression, getting proper treatment can improve insomnia.
What Should You Do If You Have a Sleep Disorder?
As a rule, if you are not waking up as refreshed as you used to, pay attention. It is not normal to wake up tired and worn out. If your sleep problems persist for longer than a week and are bothersome, or if sleepiness interferes with the way you feel or function during the day, a doctor's help may be needed. To get the most out of your doctor's visit, you will find it helpful to keep a diary of your sleep habits for about 10 days to identify just how much sleep you are getting over a period of time and what you are doing that interferes with your sleep time.
RESOURCES
American Academy of Sleep Medicine http://www.aasmnet.org
National Sleep Foundation http://www.sleepfoundation.org
CANADIAN RESOURCES
Better Sleep Council of Canada http://www.bettersleep.ca
Canadian Sleep Society http://www.css-scs.ca
References
Brain basics: Understanding sleep. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke website. Available at: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain%5Fbasics/understanding%5Fsleep.htm. Accessed February 14, 2017.
Insomnia. National Sleep Foundation website. Available at: http://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disorders-problems/insomnia. Accessed February 14, 2017.
Insomnia in adults. EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T114839/Insomnia-in-adults . Updated January 17, 2017. Accessed February 14, 2017.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T115600/Obstructive-sleep-apnea-OSA . Updated October 5, 2016. Accessed February 14, 2017.
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