Thiazide diuretics are commonly used to treat hypertension .
Drugs in this family include:
- Bendroflumethiazide (Naturetin)
- Benzthiazide (Exna)
- Chlorothiazide (Diurigen, Diuril)
- Chlorthalidone (Hygroton, Thalitone)
- Hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix, Ezide, HydroDIURIL, Hydro-Par, Microzide, Oretic)
- Hydroflumethiazide (Diucardin, Saluron)
- Indapamide (Lozol)
- Methyclothiazide (Aquatensen, Enduron)
- Metolazone (Mykrox, Zaroxolyn)
- Polythiazide (Renese)
- Quinethazone (Hydromox)
- Trichlormethiazide (Diurese, Metahydrin, Naqua)
- and others
Thiazide diuretics cause a constant and significant loss of potassium. The classic treatment for this is to eat bananas and drink orange juice. Potassium supplements are also frequently prescribed.
Medications that combine thiazides and potassium-sparing diuretics might produce an unpredictable effect on potassium levels in the body. If you are taking such medications, do not increase your potassium intake except on the advice of your physician.
Long-term use (more than 6 months) of thiazide diuretics might lead to magnesium deficiency. 1,2,3 In turn, this loss of magnesium can increase the depletion of potassium. 4
Since magnesium deficiency is common anyway, if you take thiazide diuretics it would certainly make sense to take magnesium supplements at the US Dietary Reference Intake dosage.
When taken over the long term, thiazide diuretics tend to increase levels of calcium by decreasing the amount excreted by the body and, indirectly, by affecting vitamin D. 5-8 It's not likely that this will cause a problem. However, since greatly increased calcium levels in the body can cause side effects such as calcium deposits, if you are using thiazide diuretics you should consult with your physician on the proper dose of calcium and vitamin D for you.
Preliminary evidence suggests that thiazide diuretics might impair the body's ability to synthesize coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10 ), 9 a substance important for normal heart function. Although we don't know for sure that taking CoQ 10 supplements will provide any specific benefit, supplementing with CoQ 10 on general principle might be a good idea.
Reportedly, thiazide diuretics can cause loss of zinc in the urine. 10 Since zinc deficiency is relatively common, you should probably make sure that you get enough zinc when using these drugs.
If you are using thiazide diuretics, do not take licorice root. Licorice root could exacerbate the potassium depletion caused by thiazides. 11 However, the special form of licorice known as DGL (deglycyrrhizinated licorice) should not cause this problem.
References
REF1 al-Ghamdi SM, Cameron EC, and Sutton RA. Magnesium deficiency: pathophysiologic and clinical overview. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994;24:737-752.
REF2 Dorup I. Magnesium and potassium deficiency. Its diagnosis, occurrence and treatment in diuretic therapy and its consequences for growth, protein synthesis and growth factors. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1994;618:1-55.
REF3 Martin BJ and Millian K. Diuretic-associated hypomagnesemia in the elderly. Arch Intern Med . 1987;147:1768-1771.
REF4 Whang R, Whang DD, and Ryan MP. Refractory potassium repletion—a consequence of magnesium deficiency. Arch Intern Med. 1192;152:40-45.
REF5 Riis B and Christiansen C. Actions of thiazide on vitamin D metabolism: A controlled therapeutic trial in normal women early in the postmenopause. Metabolism. 1985;34:421-424.
REF6 Lemann J Jr, Gray RW, Maierhofer WJ, et al. Hydrochlorothiazide inhibits bone resorption in men despite experimentally elevated serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Kidney Int. 1985;28:951-958.
REF7 Crowe M, Wollner L, and Griffiths RA. Hypercalcaemia following vitamin D and thiazide therapy in the elderly. Practitioner. 1984;228:312-313.
REF8 Gora ML, Seth SK, Bay WH, et al. Milk-alkali syndrome associated with use of chlorothiazide and calcium carbonate. Clin Pharm. 1989;8:227-229.
REF9 Kishi H, et al. Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. III. Inhibition of coenzyme Q 10 -enzymes by clinically used anti-hypertensive drugs. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1975;12:533-540.
REF10 Reyes AJ, Leary WP, Lockett CJ, et al. Diuretics and zinc. S Afr Med J. 1982;62:373-375.
REF11 Shintani S, Murase H, Tsukagoshi H, et al. Glycyrrhizin (licorice)-induced hypokalemic myopathy. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Eur Neurol. 1992;32:44-51.